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The
Treaty of Roskilde was signed on
February 26,
1658 in the Denmark city Roskilde. After a devastating defeat in the Northern Wars (1655-1661), the Frederick III of Denmark of
Denmark-Norway was forced to give up nearly half his territory to save the rest. The treaties conditions included:
- The immediate cession of the Danish province Scania to Sweden.
- The immediate cession of the Danish province Blekinge to Sweden.
- The immediate cession of the Danish province Halland, which under the terms of the Peace of Brömsebro, negotiated in 1645 was then occupied by Sweden for a term of 30 years, to Sweden.
- The immediate cession of the Norwegian province of Bohuslän to Sweden. This effectively secured for Sweden unrestricted access to western trade.
- The immediate cession of the Norwegian provinces of Trøndelag to Sweden.
- Danish renunciation of all anti-Swedish alliances.
- Danish prevention of any warships hostile to Sweden passing through the straits into the Baltic Sea.
- Restoration of the Duke of Holstein-Gottrop to his estates.
- Danish payment for Swedish occupation forces costs.
- Danish provision of troops to serve Charles in his broader wars.
Background
As the Northern Wars progressed, Charles X Gustav of Sweden March across the Belts from
Jutland and occupied the Danish island of
Zealand, with the invasion beginning on
February 11,
1658. A preliminary treaty, the
Treaty of Taastrup, was signed on
February 18, 1658 with the final treaty, the Treaty of Roskilde, signed on February 26
1658.
Although Sweden also invaded
Romsdal, Norway the farmers there defied the Swedish taxes and military conscription vigorously, and the Swedish governor was forced to send a full company of soldiers, and 50 cavalry besides, to collect taxes. The occupation was not successful.
Epilogue
The Swedish king was not content with his stunning victory, and at the
Privy Council of Sweden held at Gottorp on
July 7, Charles X Gustav resolved to wipe his inconvenient rival from the map of Europe. Without any warning, in defiance of international treaty, he ordered his troops to attack Denmark-Norway a second time. There followed an attack on the capital Copenhagen, whose residents successfully defended themselves with help from the
Netherlands, who honored their 1649 treaty to defend Denmark against unprovoked invasion by sending an expeditionary fleet and army, defeating the Swedish fleet in the
Battle of the Sound and relieving the capital. His army partly trapped at
Landskrona and partly isolated on the Danish islands by superior Danish and Dutch forces under Vice-Admiral
Michiel de Ruyter, Charles was in 1659 forced to withdraw.
Meanwhile Norwegian forces succeeded expelling the Swedish occupiers from
Trøndelag. Eventually, the resulting
Treaty of Copenhagen in 1660 restored Trøndelag to Norway, and also the island of Bornholm to Denmark. The island of Anholt (Denmark) off the coast of Halland, was technically never ceded, and thus remained in Dano-Norwegian possession.
In the 1658
Treaty of Roskilde, Denmark ceded the
Trondheim region of Norway to Sweden, down to the north bank of the Romsdalfjord. Following the attack on Copenhagen and the city's The assault on Copenhagen, and the reconquest by Norwegian forces of Trondheim, the
Treaty of Copenhagen in 1660 restored that province to Norway. The reversion of Trøndelag in the Treaty reflects strong local resistance to the Swedish occupation. Although the Swedish invasion was initially welcomed, or at least not resisted, the Swedes issued conscription orders in Trøndelag and forced 2000 men and young boys down to 15 years of age to join the Swedish wars against Poland and Brandenburg. King Karl X Gustav was afraid that the Trønders would rise against their Swedish occupants, and thought it wise to keep a large part of the men away. Only about one third of the men ever returned to their homes, some of them were forced to settle in the Swedish province of
Estonia, as the Swedes thought it would be easier to rule the Trønders there, divide and rule. Trøndelag had already a major part of its men in the Dano-Norwegian army, so the Swedish forced conscription, in fact emptied Trøndelag of males. The result was devastating, as the farms now were left without enough hands to harvest the fields, and famine struck the region. Some local historians of Trøndelag have termed this genocide of the Trønders.
The few months of experience with Swedish taxation and conscription left such a bitter taste that it strengthened Dano-Norwegian unity and patriotism, making resistance to Swedish invasions of Denmark-Norway stronger over the next 80 years.
According to the ninth article of the Treaty of Roskilde, which ceded
Skåne, the inhabitants of the
Scanian lands were assured of their privileges, old laws and customs. Yet, the process of Swedification was soon initiated in a brutal way.See for instance article
Skåne in the Swedish
Nordisk Familjebok encyclopedia. This old paragraph is still referred to by a subset of Scanians demanding regional independence and recognition.
References
See also
External links
The
Treaty of Roskilde was signed on February 26,
1658 in the Denmark city
Roskilde. After a devastating defeat in the Northern Wars (1655-1661), the Frederick III of Denmark of
Denmark-Norway was forced to give up nearly half his territory to save the rest. The treaties conditions included:
- The immediate cession of the Danish province Scania to Sweden.
- The immediate cession of the Danish province Blekinge to Sweden.
- The immediate cession of the Danish province Halland, which under the terms of the Peace of Brömsebro, negotiated in 1645 was then occupied by Sweden for a term of 30 years, to Sweden.
- The immediate cession of the Norwegian province of Bohuslän to Sweden. This effectively secured for Sweden unrestricted access to western trade.
- The immediate cession of the Norwegian provinces of Trøndelag to Sweden.
- Danish renunciation of all anti-Swedish alliances.
- Danish prevention of any warships hostile to Sweden passing through the straits into the Baltic Sea.
- Restoration of the Duke of Holstein-Gottrop to his estates.
- Danish payment for Swedish occupation forces costs.
- Danish provision of troops to serve Charles in his broader wars.
Background
As the Northern Wars progressed,
Charles X Gustav of Sweden March across the Belts from
Jutland and occupied the Danish island of Zealand, with the invasion beginning on February 11, 1658. A preliminary treaty, the
Treaty of Taastrup, was signed on
February 18, 1658 with the final treaty, the Treaty of Roskilde, signed on February 26
1658.
Although Sweden also invaded
Romsdal, Norway the farmers there defied the Swedish taxes and military conscription vigorously, and the Swedish governor was forced to send a full company of soldiers, and 50 cavalry besides, to collect taxes. The occupation was not successful.
Epilogue
The Swedish king was not content with his stunning victory, and at the
Privy Council of Sweden held at Gottorp on
July 7, Charles X Gustav resolved to wipe his inconvenient rival from the map of
Europe. Without any warning, in defiance of international treaty, he ordered his troops to attack
Denmark-Norway a second time. There followed an attack on the capital
Copenhagen, whose residents successfully defended themselves with help from the
Netherlands, who honored their 1649 treaty to defend Denmark against unprovoked invasion by sending an expeditionary fleet and army, defeating the Swedish fleet in the
Battle of the Sound and relieving the capital. His army partly trapped at
Landskrona and partly isolated on the Danish islands by superior Danish and Dutch forces under Vice-Admiral Michiel de Ruyter, Charles was in 1659 forced to withdraw.
Meanwhile Norwegian forces succeeded expelling the Swedish occupiers from Trøndelag. Eventually, the resulting
Treaty of Copenhagen in 1660 restored Trøndelag to Norway, and also the island of Bornholm to Denmark. The island of
Anholt (Denmark) off the coast of Halland, was technically never ceded, and thus remained in Dano-Norwegian possession.
In the 1658 Treaty of Roskilde, Denmark ceded the
Trondheim region of Norway to Sweden, down to the north bank of the Romsdalfjord. Following the attack on Copenhagen and the city's
The assault on Copenhagen, and the reconquest by Norwegian forces of Trondheim, the
Treaty of Copenhagen in 1660 restored that province to Norway. The reversion of
Trøndelag in the Treaty reflects strong local resistance to the Swedish occupation. Although the Swedish invasion was initially welcomed, or at least not resisted, the Swedes issued
conscription orders in Trøndelag and forced 2000 men and young boys down to 15 years of age to join the Swedish wars against Poland and Brandenburg. King
Karl X Gustav was afraid that the
Trønders would rise against their Swedish occupants, and thought it wise to keep a large part of the men away. Only about one third of the men ever returned to their homes, some of them were forced to settle in the Swedish province of
Estonia, as the Swedes thought it would be easier to rule the Trønders there,
divide and rule. Trøndelag had already a major part of its men in the Dano-Norwegian army, so the Swedish forced conscription, in fact emptied Trøndelag of males. The result was devastating, as the farms now were left without enough hands to harvest the fields, and famine struck the region. Some local historians of Trøndelag have termed this
genocide of the Trønders.
The few months of experience with Swedish taxation and conscription left such a bitter taste that it strengthened Dano-Norwegian unity and patriotism, making resistance to Swedish invasions of Denmark-Norway stronger over the next 80 years.
According to the ninth article of the Treaty of Roskilde, which ceded
Skåne, the inhabitants of the
Scanian lands were assured of their privileges, old laws and customs. Yet, the process of Swedification was soon initiated in a brutal way.See for instance article
Skåne in the Swedish
Nordisk Familjebok encyclopedia. This old paragraph is still referred to by a subset of Scanians demanding regional independence and recognition.
References
See also
External links
Treaty of Roskilde - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Treaty of Roskilde was signed on February 26, 1658 in the Danish city of Roskilde. After a devastating defeat in the Northern Wars (1655-1661), the King of Denmark-Norway was ...
Roskilde - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
... dansk 3"(ALTE level B2 - required for citizenship), and "Studieprøven"(ALTE level C1). The school is located just south of the city centre. [edit] See also. Treaty of Roskilde; Roskilde ...
INEX: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Treaty of Roskilde)
Table of Contents. 1 Background; 2 Contents; 3 Epilogue; 4 Notes; In red: Halland, ceded to Sweden for a 30-year period. In yellow: the Scanian lands and Bohus County.
The Treaty of Roskilde
Roskildefreden 1658 Den 26. februar 1658 blev der i Roskilde underskrevet en fredstraktat, der ændrede det danske kongeriges grænser. Traktaten ble ... February 26 1658, a treaty ...
Phrase index for "treaty"
atlantic treaty organisation: treaty of aix: treaty of roskilde: conclude a treaty: treaty of alliance: treaty of san: egypt peace treaty: treaty of amity: treaty of shimonoseki
Treaty of Roskilde -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia
Britannica online encyclopedia article on Treaty of Roskilde:(1660), treaty between Sweden and Denmark-Norway that concluded a generation of warfare between the two powers.
Treaty of Copenhagen -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia
... article on Treaty of Copenhagen:(1660), treaty between Sweden and Denmark-Norway that concluded a generation of warfare between the two powers. Together with the Treaty of Roskilde ...
Roskilde definition of Roskilde in the Free Online Encyclopedia.
By the Treaty of Roskilde (1658) Denmark ceded its lands in S Sweden to Charles X of Sweden. Roskilde has a museum of Viking ships, and nearby is an atomic research center.
Roskilde, Denmark definition of Roskilde, Denmark in the Free Online ...
By the Treaty of Roskilde (1658) Denmark ceded its lands in S Sweden to Charles X of Sweden. Roskilde has a museum of Viking ships, and nearby is an atomic research center.
Charles X::
The Treaty of Roskilde of 1658, gave Sweden Skana, Halland, the Isle of Bornholm and returned to Sweden Swedish territories of Trondheim and Bohuslan.
